Human Growth and Development Flashcards

According to Vygotsky, the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) refers to:

Answer: The difference between what a learner can do alone and with guidance

The ZPD is the distance between a learner's independent capability and what they can achieve with skilled assistance.

A 14-year-old begins questioning their cultural identity after moving to a new country. According to Marcia's identity statuses, they are most likely in:

Answer: Identity moratorium

Moratorium involves active exploration of identity without yet making firm commitments, common during major life transitions.

Which theorist proposed that moral development progresses through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages?

Answer: Lawrence Kohlberg

Kohlberg described six stages of moral reasoning grouped into three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

An infant consistently seeks proximity to their caregiver when distressed and is easily soothed upon reunion. This attachment style is best described as:

Answer: Secure

Secure attachment is characterized by using the caregiver as a safe base, distress at separation, and effective soothing upon reunion.

Bronfenbrenner's microsystem includes which of the following?

Answer: Immediate settings like family, school, and peer groups

The microsystem is the innermost layer, comprising the direct environments and relationships a person experiences daily.

Which developmental milestone is most consistent with Piaget's preoperational stage?

Answer: Symbolic play and egocentrism

The preoperational stage (ages 2–7) is marked by symbolic thinking, pretend play, and egocentric thought.

Erik Erikson's psychosocial crisis of 'intimacy vs. isolation' is associated with which life stage?

Answer: Early adulthood

Intimacy vs. isolation is Erikson's sixth stage, occurring in early adulthood, focused on forming deep relationships.