When an abnormal heartbeat is detected, an EKG is used to identify atrial fibrillation. Characteristic findings include the absence of P waves, which is replaced by disordered electrical activity, and irregular R-R intervals because of abnormal impulse conduction to the ventricles.
Tachypnea (rapid breathing), pleuritic chest discomfort, dyspnea, and anxiety are typical clinical signs of pulmonary embolism. Right ventricular collapse and systemic hypotension may occur in massive PE.
The most prevalent form of sleep apnea is obstructive sleep apnea. It is brought on by a respiratory impediment that prevents airflow via the mouth and nose.
The most common cause of multinodular goiter in the US is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune illness.
The rate-limiting step in the production of cholesterol, HMG-CoA reductase, is blocked by the statins. Statins marginally raise high-density lipoprotein while lowering LDL, total, and triglyceride cholesterol (HDL-c).
Although genetic predisposition is one of the main reasons in the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, patients with hypertension and people who engage in excessive exercise, such as sports, are also frequently affected.
Thymomas are the most prevalent kind of thymic cancer that originates in the mediastinum, while being uncommon. They are produced by thymic epithelial cells, which coat the thymus.
Fluid leaking into the pleural space is what causes transudative pleural effusions. This results from high blood pressure or low protein levels in the blood vessels. The most frequent causes are nephritic syndrome, congestive heart failure, and liver cirrhosis.
Standing or doing Valsalva movements reduces the murmur of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
The most typical congenital cardiac abnormality in children is tetralogy of Fallot. The syndrome results in the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood when it is pushed from the heart into the blood vessels' circulatory system.
One of four conditions—severe aortic valve disease, ischemic heart disease, chronic hypertension, and cardiomyopathy—is indicated by LBBB.
The greatest significant modifiable risk factor for an ischemic stroke is hypertension. When hypertension is defined as having a systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mm Hg, the majority of estimates for hypertension show a relative risk of stroke of about 4.
The most typical cardiac defect is a ventricular septal defect (congenital heart disease). A VSD affects at least 1 out of every 500 newborns.
When a patient blows as forcefully as quickly as they can, the amount of airflow that is exhausted is measured as their forced vital capacity.
The respiratory condition known as bronchial asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction brought on by airway inflammation, mucus plugging, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Thymoma, teratoma, thyroid lesions, and lymphoma are a few of the several types of anterior mediastinal tumors.
