Developmental Psychology Flashcards

Vygotsky's concept of the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) refers to:

Answer: The gap between what a child can do alone and with guidance

The ZPD is the range of tasks too difficult to master alone but achievable with the help of a more skilled person.

Which theorist proposed that moral development proceeds through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels?

Answer: Kohlberg

Lawrence Kohlberg described three levels of moral reasoning, each containing two stages.

Stranger anxiety in infants typically emerges around which age?

Answer: 6–8 months

Stranger anxiety peaks around 8 months as infants develop clear attachments and can differentiate familiar from unfamiliar faces.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the 'mesosystem' includes:

Answer: Connections between two or more microsystems

The mesosystem comprises the interactions between microsystems, such as the relationship between home and school.

Which reflex causes a newborn to turn their head toward a touch on the cheek and open their mouth?

Answer: Rooting reflex

The rooting reflex is an adaptive neonatal response that facilitates breastfeeding.

Resilience in children facing adversity is BEST described as:

Answer: Positive adaptation despite significant risk or hardship

Resilience involves the capacity to recover from or adapt well to stress, trauma, or adversity.

Which developmental milestone is typically achieved LAST in normal motor development?

Answer: Walking independently

Independent walking typically emerges around 12 months, after sitting, rolling, and supported standing.